From Curled Seeds to Golden Summer Flowers

A friendly guide to sowing, growing, cutting and enjoying pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) in Hungary.

Come Into the Garden With Me…

Today, we're growing marigolds. But before we put a single seed into the soil, we need to sort out one small gardening confusion: the word marigold can mean more than one plant.

The cheerful orange and yellow bedding plants many of us know as French or African marigolds belong to the genus Tagetes. They are wonderful plants, but they are not the main characters in this book.

Here we're growing Calendula officinalis - the pot marigold, the old-fashioned cottage-garden flower with soft green leaves and generous daisy-like blooms. This is the marigold behind varieties such as Touch of Red Buff, Radio Orange, Golden Emperor and Pacific Beauty in the Holland Kerteszet range.

And I think calendula deserves a whole little book of its own. It is one of those flowers that manages to be beautiful without being difficult. You can sow it directly into the garden. It grows quickly. It flowers generously. Bees and other pollinating insects visit it. The petals are edible when grown and handled appropriately. It makes a lovely cut flower. And if you let a few seedheads mature, it may even help with next year's garden by sowing itself.

For a beginner, this is a very forgiving place to start. For an experienced gardener, it is the sort of flower you keep returning to because it simply works.

In Hungary, calendula is especially useful because it enjoys the cooler edges of our growing season. It can flower beautifully through spring and early summer, sometimes pause when the hottest weather arrives, and return to form as conditions become kinder again. With a little planning, we can enjoy it for a surprisingly long time.

We'll begin with the seed, move through sowing and thinning, learn how to keep plants flowering, talk about cutting and edible petals, solve the most common problems, save seed, and finally decide what to do when autumn arrives.

By the end, I want you to look at a handful of those funny curled calendula seeds and know exactly what comes next.

Ready? Come into the garden with me.

1. Meet the Marigold

Calendula officinalis has been grown in European gardens for generations. It is often called pot marigold, common marigold or simply calendula. In Hungary you may know it as koromvirag, and it has that lovely quality of feeling both familiar and newly fashionable at the same time.

A marigold - but not a Tagetes

This is worth remembering because garden centres and seed catalogues often use the word marigold for two quite different groups. Tagetes gives us the compact French marigolds and taller African marigolds with their strongly scented foliage. Calendula gives us softer, more open flowers on leafy stems and is the plant we are growing here.

Both are useful. Both love a sunny garden. But their growth, appearance and seasonal preferences are different enough that they deserve separate treatment.

What does calendula look like?

Calendula forms a bushy annual plant with slightly sticky, aromatic green leaves and upright stems carrying daisy-like flowers. Depending on the variety, the blooms may be single, semi-double or wonderfully full and ruffled.

The classic colours are orange and golden yellow, but modern varieties have given us cream, apricot, soft buff, bronze and flowers with red backs or darker centres. That broader palette is one reason calendula has returned so strongly to cutting gardens and naturalistic borders.

2. Why Marigolds Work So Well in Hungary

Calendula is a particularly friendly flower for Hungarian gardens because it does not ask us to wait for the full heat of summer before it begins performing. In fact, it often prefers the milder temperatures of spring and early summer.

Give it sun

Choose a bright, sunny position. Calendula can tolerate a little light shade, but the best flowering generally comes with plenty of sun. A vegetable garden edge, cutting patch, cottage border, sunny courtyard or large container can all work beautifully.

In Budapest, Szeged or on the Great Hungarian Plain, summer sun can become intense. That is not automatically a problem, but the hottest weeks may slow flowering, particularly if plants are dry and stressed. Don't assume the plant has failed. Sometimes it is simply waiting for kinder weather.

Ordinary soil is fine

Calendula is not a plant that demands perfect soil. Give it reasonably fertile, well-drained ground and it will usually be quite content. Very rich soil can create lots of leafy growth, so this is another occasion when we do not need to turn the flower bed into a luxury buffet.

If your soil is heavy clay, the main issue is drainage. Improve structure where necessary and avoid places where water sits around the roots after rain.

Cooler weather is its friend

This is where calendula differs from many classic summer bedding plants. It can be surprisingly happy in cool spring weather. That gives us the chance to sow relatively early and enjoy flowers before the hottest part of summer arrives.

3. The Marigolds We Grow With You

Now for the dangerous part: choosing colours. Calendula used to mean one thing to many gardeners - bright orange. There is absolutely nothing wrong with bright orange, but today's choices are much more interesting.

At Holland Kerteszet, the current marigold range includes some lovely Calendula officinalis varieties, and they each create a different feeling in the garden.

Touch of Red Buff

Touch of Red Buff is the one I would show to someone who says, 'I don't really like marigolds.' Its flowers move away from the traditional bright orange and into soft apricot, cream and buff tones, with warmer red colouring on the reverse of the petals. The result can feel almost antique.

The plants grow to around 50-60 cm and are useful for cutting. The flowers are also edible when grown without unsuitable chemical treatments and prepared correctly. In a bouquet, Touch of Red Buff is beautiful with cream, dusty pink, burgundy and soft blue flowers.

Radio Orange

Radio Orange brings us back toward classic calendula colour, but with more texture. Its rich orange flowers are wonderfully cheerful and have the sort of presence that makes a vegetable garden or cottage border look immediately more alive.

If your garden needs a strong patch of warm colour, this is the one I'd plant in a generous group rather than one plant here and one plant there.

Golden Emperor

Golden Emperor is exactly what the name suggests: golden yellow, sunny and uncomplicated. It grows to around 50 cm and makes a useful cut flower as well as a bright garden plant.

Golden yellow works beautifully beside blues and purples. Try it near lavender, catmint, blue cornflowers or purple salvia and you'll understand why opposite colours are so useful in garden design.

Pacific Beauty

Pacific Beauty is a classic calendula mixture, usually giving us a range of warm yellow and orange shades. If you want the traditional cheerful cottage-garden feeling rather than a carefully controlled colour scheme, a mixture like this is very easy to love.

It is also a good beginner choice. Every plant does not need to match. Sometimes a garden looks better when it feels as though the flowers chose their own places at the party.

4. Let’s Sow Some Marigolds

Open the packet and take a look at the seeds. Calendula seeds are wonderfully strange: pale brown, curved, ridged and sometimes almost like tiny dried caterpillars. They are large enough to handle easily, which makes this an excellent flower for first-time seed sowers and children.

When should we sow?

For Hungary, a spring sowing from around March onward works well, depending on weather and whether you are sowing under protection or directly outside. Holland Kerteszet's Touch of Red Buff is recommended for sowing from the end of March through May, while other calendula types can also be sown through spring.

If the ground is cold, sticky and waterlogged, there is no prize for being first. Wait until the soil can be worked properly. If you want an earlier start, sow a few seeds in modules or small pots under protection.

Direct sowing

Calendula is one of those lovely flowers that makes direct sowing feel sensible. Prepare a fine patch of soil, remove large weeds and stones, and make a shallow drill about half a centimetre to one centimetre deep.

Place the seeds individually rather than pouring the entire packet into one small hole. Cover lightly with soil and water gently.

You can also broadcast seed more informally over a prepared patch and thin the seedlings later. This works nicely if you want a relaxed cottage-garden effect rather than perfectly straight rows.

Starting in pots or modules

If spring weather is unreliable, sow one or two seeds per module in seed compost. Keep them bright and moderately cool once they germinate. Calendula does not need tropical conditions; in fact, strong, sturdy seedlings are more useful than soft, stretched ones raised in excessive warmth.

Once the roots hold the compost together, the young plants can be hardened off and moved outside.

5. From Seedling to Strong Plant

Calendula usually germinates quite willingly, and the first seedlings are easy to recognise once you know them. Soon the plants begin forming broader leaves and start looking less like 'seedlings' and more like proper little marigolds.

Thinning

This is one of those gardening jobs beginners hate because it feels cruel. Several seedlings are growing beautifully together, and now I'm telling you to remove some of them.

But crowded plants compete for light, water and airflow. Give your calendula room. For many taller cutting types, around 20-30 cm between plants is a useful home-garden guide. Smaller plants can be closer, but remember: we are spacing the plant it will become, not the seedling you see today.

If you hate throwing healthy seedlings away, lift extras carefully and transplant them while they are still young. Not every one will appreciate being moved, but many will settle in perfectly well.

Hardening off

Plants started indoors need a gradual introduction to Hungarian outdoor life. A warm windowsill has no wind, no sudden cold night and no strong midday sunshine.

Move seedlings outside for short periods in a sheltered place, then gradually increase their time outdoors over roughly a week. Once they are accustomed to real weather and the risk of severe frost has eased, they can stay outside.

Pinching - should we?

For taller calendula grown for cutting, pinching the growing tip when plants are young can encourage branching and produce more flowering stems. It is not compulsory, but it can create a bushier plant.

6. Keeping Marigolds Happy

Once established, calendula is not a demanding plant. This is where we can stop hovering over it every morning and simply pay attention.

Watering

Young plants need reliable moisture while their roots establish. Once they are growing well, water according to weather and soil conditions rather than by habit.

A calendula in open ground near Lake Balaton may need much less water than one growing in a terracotta pot on a sunny Budapest balcony. Push a finger into the soil. If it is still comfortably moist below the surface, leave the watering can alone.

When you do water, water properly and let the moisture reach the roots. Constant tiny splashes encourage shallow rooting.

Feeding

Calendula generally does not need heavy feeding in ordinary garden soil. In containers, an occasional balanced or flowering-plant feed can be useful because nutrients wash out more quickly.

Too much nitrogen creates lots of leaves and fewer flowers. If your plants are enormous, dark green and strangely reluctant to bloom, think about what you've been feeding them.

Deadheading

This is the job that makes the biggest visible difference. Remove fading flowerheads regularly and the plant has a reason to keep producing more.

If you want to save seed, leave a few of your best flowers untouched later in the season and allow their seedheads to ripen fully. The rest can be deadheaded.

7. When Something Goes Wrong

Calendula is easy, but easy does not mean invincible. Fortunately, most problems are straightforward once you know what you're looking at.

Aphids on the new growth

Aphids may gather on tender stems and buds. Check the growing tips during your normal garden wander. A small colony can often be rubbed off or washed away before it becomes a major problem.

If you need a treatment, choose something appropriate for the intended use and currently authorised in Hungary, and follow the label carefully - especially if you intend to use petals as edible flowers.

Powdery mildew

A pale, floury coating on the leaves is often powdery mildew. It is more likely when plants are stressed, crowded or growing with poor airflow.

Give plants enough space, avoid excessive nitrogen feeding and remove badly affected material where appropriate. Water the soil rather than repeatedly soaking the foliage late in the day.

The plant is all leaves

Too much fertility, too little sun or simply not enough time can all be responsible. First check the light. Then think about feeding. And if the plant is still young, give it a little patience before declaring an emergency.

Flowers are getting smaller

This can happen as plants become tired, particularly in heat. Deadhead, water during genuinely dry periods and consider whether the plant is simply reaching the end of its most productive flush.

Seedlings disappeared overnight

Slugs and snails can be very interested in tender young calendula. Look around after rain or in the evening. Choose control methods suitable for your garden, pets and wildlife.

8. Flowers for the Garden, Vase and Kitchen

And now we reach the reason we sowed them in the first place.

A calendula bud opens into one of those wonderfully uncomplicated flowers that makes a garden look happier immediately. Golden yellow catches the light. Orange glows. Touch of Red Buff brings something softer and almost vintage.

For the vase

Calendula makes a very useful cut flower, especially the taller varieties. Cut stems when the flowers are just opening or newly open, ideally in the cooler part of the day.

Use clean snips, strip foliage that would sit below the waterline and put the stems into clean water promptly. Mix them with cosmos, cornflowers, scabiosa, grasses, yarrow or other loose cottage-garden flowers.

Touch of Red Buff is especially good when you want a bouquet to feel less 'orange marigold' and more soft, romantic cutting garden.

Edible petals

Calendula petals are traditionally used as edible flower petals and can add colour to salads, butter, rice dishes and decorations. But there is one rule I want to make very clear: only eat flowers you have positively identified as edible and that have been grown without unsuitable pesticides or other treatments.

Use the petals rather than treating the whole flowerhead as a snack. The flavour can be slightly peppery or tangy, and a small amount of colour is often all you need.

For pollinators

Single and more open calendula flowers can provide useful pollen and nectar for visiting insects. Let some flowers remain in the garden rather than cutting everything. A cutting garden can still be a living garden.

9. Seeds, Self-Sowing and the End of the Season

If you stop deadheading a flower and leave it alone, something wonderful happens. The petals fade, the centre dries and a ring of strange curled seeds begins to form.

Saving seed

Wait until the seedhead is dry and the seeds have turned firm and brown. Choose a dry day, cut the head and let it finish drying indoors somewhere airy if necessary.

Rub the seeds free, remove obvious plant debris and store them in a labelled paper envelope somewhere cool, dark and dry.

If you are saving from a named variety, remember that seedlings may not always come perfectly true, especially if different calendulas have been growing and pollinating nearby. I don't see that as a disaster. Sometimes next year's surprise is half the fun.

Letting it self-sow

You can also do absolutely nothing.

Leave a few seedheads on the plants and let ripe seed fall. In a suitable position, calendula may produce volunteer seedlings later or the following season.

You can keep the ones that appear in sensible places, move small seedlings carefully, and remove those that have chosen the middle of a path.

Autumn sowing

Calendula can also be sown in autumn in suitable conditions for earlier flowering the following year. In Hungary, success depends on location, winter severity and drainage. If you enjoy experimenting, try a small protected sowing rather than risking your entire seed supply.

A sheltered Budapest courtyard and an exposed garden in a colder part of the country are not the same place. Let your own microclimate guide you.

10. Your Marigold Cheat Sheet

We've gone from curled little seeds to armfuls of warm summer flowers. So let's put the whole process in one easy place.

1. Know which marigold you're growing. This book is about Calendula officinalis, the pot marigold - not Tagetes.

2. Choose a sunny, well-drained place.

3. Sow from early spring onward, depending on weather and whether you're starting under protection or directly outside.

4. Sow shallowly. Calendula does not need to be buried deeply.

5. Keep the seedbed moist while germination begins.

6. Thin seedlings so mature plants have room and airflow.

7. Harden off any plants raised indoors before permanent planting.

8. Water young plants while they establish.

9. Once established, water according to the soil and weather - not the calendar.

10. Don't overfeed. Rich leafy plants are not our goal; flowers are.

11. Deadhead regularly if you want a long flowering season.

12. Expect very hot Hungarian weather to slow the plants temporarily.

13. Watch for aphids, mildew, slugs and snails.

14. Cut flowers regularly for the house.

15. If using petals as food, grow and handle the flowers appropriately and avoid unsuitable chemical treatments.

16. Leave some flowers for insects.

17. Leave a few seedheads if you want to save seed.

18. Collect seed only when it is properly mature and dry.

19. Let a few plants self-sow if you enjoy surprises.

20. Next year, grow the colour you loved most - plus one you haven't tried yet.

If You Remember Only Five Things…

1. Calendula is the marigold we are growing here

It is Calendula officinalis, often called pot marigold. French and African marigolds belong to Tagetes and deserve their own book.

2. Start earlier than you think

Calendula enjoys cooler weather, so an early spring start in Hungary can give you flowers before the hottest weeks arrive.

3. Sunshine and drainage matter more than pampering

Good light, sensible watering and ordinary soil are usually enough. Don't overcomplicate it.

4. Keep picking or deadheading

The more consistently you remove finished blooms, the longer the plant has a reason to keep producing flowers.

5. Save some seed

Those strange curled seeds are next year's garden waiting in your hand.

One Last Walk Around the Garden

Do you remember what we started with?

A handful of dry, curved seeds that looked more like tiny bits of bark than the beginning of a flower garden.

We sowed them shallowly. We watered. We waited. The first seedlings appeared, we gave them room, and before long they were no longer seedlings at all.

Then came the flowers.

Perhaps yours were the glowing gold of Golden Emperor. Maybe Radio Orange became the happiest corner of the garden. Perhaps Pacific Beauty gave you a wonderfully mixed patch of warm colour. Or maybe Touch of Red Buff surprised you by looking more like something from a romantic cutting garden than the marigold you thought you knew.

And along the way, you learned something important: an easy flower does not have to be an ordinary flower.

Calendula can grow beside vegetables. It can fill a cottage border. It can sit in a vase on the kitchen table. Its petals can add colour to food when grown appropriately. Bees can visit it. Seed can fall and become next year's plants.

It gives a lot without demanding very much in return.

That makes it exactly the kind of plant I like having around.

Next spring, you'll know when to sow. You'll know not to crowd the seedlings. You won't panic if July heat slows the flowers for a while. You'll remember to deadhead. And when those strange curled seeds appear at the end of the season, you'll know they're not rubbish to clear away.

They're an invitation.

An invitation to do it all again.

So grow the orange ones if orange makes you happy. Grow the soft buff one if your garden is full of romantic colours. Grow several and let them mingle. Cut some. Leave some for the insects. Save some seed.

And above all, enjoy how easy it is to turn a small packet into a summer full of flowers.

When you're ready for the next plant…

Come into the garden with me.